case class Sort(
    order: Seq[SortOrder],  // Order clauses
    global: Boolean,        // ignore this (for distributed execution)
    child: LogicalPlan      // Input plan
  ) extends UnaryNode with Product with Serializable
    

  case class SortOrder(
    child: Expression,                    // The expression to sort by
    direction: SortDirection,             // Ascending or Descending
    nullOrdering: NullOrdering,           // NullsFirst or NullsLast
    sameOrderExpressions: Seq[Expression] // ignore this (used by spark)
  )
    

      SELECT * FROM R ORDER BY A ASC, B DESC
    

      Sort(Seq(
          SortOrder(UnresolvedAttribute(Seq("A")), 
                    Ascending,
                    Ascending.defaultNullOrder,
                    Seq()),
          SortOrder(UnresolvedAttribute(Seq("B")), 
                    Descending,
                    Descending.defaultNullOrder,
                    Seq())
        ), true, UnresolvedRelation(Seq("R"))),
      ))
    

Output exactly limitExpr rows if available

  case class GlobalLimit(
    limitExpr: Expression, 
    child: LogicalPlan
  ) extends OrderPreservingUnaryNode with Product with Serializable
    

Output exactly limitExpr rows if available per partition

  case class LocalLimit(
    limitExpr: Expression, 
    child: LogicalPlan
  ) extends OrderPreservingUnaryNode with Product with Serializable
    

For this checkpoint: Pick one, ignore the other

      SELECT * FROM R LIMIT 3
    

  GlobalLimit(
    Literal(3),
    LocalLimit(
      Literal(3),
      UnresolvedRelation(Seq("R"))
    )
  )
    

      plan transform {
        case Filter(condition, 
              Project(expressions, child)) => ???
      }
    

      plan transform {
        case Filter(condition, 
              Join(lhs, rhs, Cross, condition, hint)) => ???
      }
    

Spark's Optimizer

(simplified version)

  trait OptimizationRule {
    def apply(plan: LogicalPlan): LogicalPlan
  }

  object PushDownSelections 
    extends OptimizationRule  
  {
    def apply(plan: LogicalPlan) = 
      plan.transform { 
        case Filter(condition, 
                Project(expressions, child)) => ???
        /* and other cases here... */
      }
  }
    

Spark's Optimizer

(simplified version)

1. Save a copy of the plan
2. Apply every optimization rule once
3. If the plan changed since the saved copy, goto 1
4. If not, done!

Test whether two logical plans are the same with fastEquals

Watch out for infinite loops.

  val rules = Seq[OptimizationRule]( ??? )

  def onePass(plan: LogicalPlan) = 
    { val current = plan
      for(rule <- rules){ current = rule.apply(current) }
      
  def fixpoint(plan: LogicalPlan) = 
    { var current = plan
      var last = null
      while(last == null || !current.fastEquals(last)){
        last = current
        current = onePass(current)
      }
      return current
    }
    

Handling Tighter Constraints

Selection Pushdown

Push selections down through projections, joins, unions; as close to the data as possible

Join Conversion

Identify useful join conditions (e.g., $R.B = S.B$) and replace results with a better Join algorithm.

One-Pass Hash Join

The reference implementation uses Scala's Map.

Keep in-mind that you may need to hash multiple tuples to the same join key.

Picking a Join Order

• Pick the smaller table for the outer relation.
• LogicalPlan.maxRows is one way to bound the size of the relation (but needs to be defined for your Table class).
• Optional: Use commutativity/associativity to find all join orders.

Cross Product

Problem: Naively, any tuple matches any other

Join Conditions

Solution: First organize the data

Hash Functions

• A hash function is a function that maps a large data value to a small fixed-size value
  • Typically is deterministic & pseudorandom
• Used in Checksums, Hash Tables, Partitioning, Bloom Filters, Caching, Cryptography, Password Storage, …
• Examples: MD5, SHA1, SHA2
  • MD5() part of OpenSSL (on most OSX / Linux / Unix)
• Can map h(k) to range [0,N) with h(k) % N (modulus)

Hash Functions

$$h(X) \mod N$$

• Pseudorandom output between $[0, N)$
• Always the same output for a given $X$

1-Pass Hash Join

1-Pass Hash Join

Limited Queries

Only supports join conditions of the form $R.A = S.B$

Moderate-High Memory

Keeps 1 full relation in memory

Low Added IO Cost

Only requires 1 scan over each input.

On-Disk

• 2-Pass sort, the only on-disk algorithm you need
• (plus Sort/Merge join

Sort/Merge Join

Sort/Merge Join

Limited Queries

Only supports join conditions of the form $R.A = S.B$

Low Memory

Only needs to keep ~2 rows in memory at a time (not counting sort).

Low Added IO Cost

No added IO! (not counting sort).

2-Way Sort

Pass 1

Create lots of (small) sorted lists.

Pass 2+

Merge sorted lists of size $N$ into sorted lists of size $2N$

Pass 1: Create Sorted Runs

Pass 2: Merge Sorted Runs

Repeat Pass 2 As Needed.